Discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion 2 - Assignment Example Therefore, this means that cultural diversity increases the sales of a business, as well as its profit. If a business plans to sell in a diverse marketplace, then it must be totally able effectively to utilize its diverse workers in significant strategic ways. The aging populace is both an advantage and a disadvantage for small businesses (McCarthy, 2012). One certain thing, however, is that small organizations will have to reorient their strategies to hurdle the exceptional challenges and opportunities aging people offer (McCarthy, 2012). In the 90’s, among the biggest hurdles facing small businesses was access to government regulations, capital and taxes. Nevertheless, in the new millennium, they can add a new hurdle to the list, the persistent labor shortage. Therefore, businesses lack the required labor, which would enable them to work efficiently (McCarthy, 2012). On an optimistic note, small organizations can exploit this growing section of the population. Marketing strategy and new products will need to be created targeting the elderly

Relationship Between Management And Leadership In Childhood Setting Nursing Essay

Relationship Between Management And Leadership In Childhood Setting Nursing Essay In this report I will discuss the relationship between management and leadership in an early childhood setting. I will do this by making reference to the Integrated Inspection Report from the named nursery, government expectations and my findings from other sources. HM Inspectors of Schools have responsibilities which include raising and improving standards and quality of the service offered by settings through self-evaluation, and they do this by inspection of premises and the service these premises provide. They work within the National Care Standards, Scottish Executive (2006) which is underpinned by The Child at the Centre, HMIE (2007) and the performance indicators within. Part of their inspection includes looking at the overall leadership in the nursery setting and using government advice to rate the standards of leadership within the setting. In the named Integrated Inspection Report, the opening statement comments: The headteacher provided excellent leadership. HMIE, (2008) and this shows how this early years establishment has followed government expectations to build on good practice and deliver a professional, caring, quality service of education to children and parents who use this setting. HMIEs comments towards the headteachers leadership reflect the performance indicators laid down in The Child at the Centre HMIE (2007) and these indicators expect settings to have standards of: 9.1 Vision, values and aims 9.2 Leadership and Direction 9.3 Developing people and partnerships 9.4 Leadership and improvement and change These performance indicators help settings to aim for excellent practice through leadership and self-evaluation and encourage professional reflection using the same themes as How Good is our School and The Journey to Excellence and are used to build plans and guide any actions for improvement there be. HMIE (2007) Hay (1997) believes the successful running of a nursery setting relies on someone who portrays a combination of both management and leadership skills. Leadership qualities include being able to influence others to meet goals, not because the leader has asked them to do so but because they want to do it whereas management qualities would include the necessity to get things done constantly and routinely. Hodgkinson (1991) cited by Hay (1997) I agree with Hay (1997) that a combination of skills are required for the efficient running of a nursery and in order for settings to reach the government expectations whilst carrying on with the daily routines, they would need to secure the help and shared focus from colleagues and this can be accomplished by effective leadership and teamwork. Effective teamwork can have a positive impact on the routines of daily life in the setting and if everyone in the team have the same shared focus and they are all engaging in professional reflection and self-evaluation of the quality of service they are providing, the quality of service will not be compromised. Rodd (2006) believes good teamwork is important for meeting the requirements of early education settings and cites Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003) comments of building effective teams is fundamental to early childhood practice. The headteacher in the report has shown how effective her leadership is by receiving positive comments of her leadership skills. I believe she has been able to achieve effective leadership through building and nurturing a high standard of teamwork within the practice. This was done by using her interpersonal skills of communication, motivation and inspiration, Rodd (2006) and by empowering her team to work with her with the same high standards and aim for the same objective she has succeeded in achieving high-quality teamwork. HMIE (2008) Rodd (2006) believes that this human resource management is typical of an early childhood leader and she cites Taylors (2005) argument that a leaders own behaviour, their actions, beliefs and values, will determine how they are seen by their colleagues and how this behaviour will be rewarded. Leaders can determine whether or not their team will work with them or work against them and being a positive role model can help bring your team together and reach the objective. It is clear in this report that this leaders direction allows her team to work alongside her as they all have the same commitment to the continuous improvement of their setting. This includes their own personal professional development and also relates to the performance indicator 9.3 Developing people and partnerships HMIE (2007) The report comments on how the staff in this setting have the opportunities to continue in their own development through training courses, leadership support and self-evaluation. Another key element of effective leadership is having the ability to allow the personal development of others and use this ability to improve the quality of the team and the service they provide. Rodd (2006) Performance Indicator 9.3, HMIE (2007) states how an important feature of effective leadership is to develop positive working relationships with others and to have the ability to delegate roles and responsibilities within the setting. This can be done through continuous development of staff and relates to the National Care Standards, Standard 12, Confidence in Staff, Scottish Executive (2006) where it states a setting has an effective system for identifying and monitoring staff development needs. Hay lists another of Hodgkinsons views of differences between manager and leader as managers being more concerned with material resources rather than human resources. The leader in this setting is highly involved with her team showing excellent human resource management by allowing each member of the team to develop through on-going training and personal development without impacting on daily routines and allowing team members to use their own individual abilities and talents to benefit the group. Through effective teamwork, leaders can share with her team knowledge and skills, provide support and helpful feedback and in return gain the trust and support of the group and continue to produce a high standard of service. Dawson (2000) HMIE (2008) report that the staff in this setting were fully involved in systematically reviewing, evaluating and improving the nursery. This positive involvement helps to produce the high quality service that this setting provides and also relates to Standard 14 of the National Care Standards, Well managed Service. Scottish Executive (2006) Effective leaders will work with the team, examine their setting and holistically reflect with a view to change or improvement. This reflection will include analysing individual actions, actions of the group or individuals, routines or policies and most importantly analysing if the childrens learning experiences are adequate and can help an early years setting to move forward in terms of the quality of service provided. This setting does this through staff, children and parent involvement and they have received positive comments from HMIE. Reflective practice also relates to The Child at the Centre, 9.4 Leadership and improvement and change and the Codes of Practice for Social Service Workers and Employers. Staff in this setting are all registered with Scottish Social Services Council and work within the Codes of Practice, a list of statements describing professional conduct and practice expected within any setting. I agree with Rodd and Hay that effective leadership requires individuals to be equipped with both management and leadership skills and qualities. The successful, efficient running of an early years setting requires leaders to be able to balance factors of work, legislation and quality in the setting with the commitment to look after the people they need and work with.

Newscasters :: essays research papers

Newscasters are a big part of who and what America is today. The newscasters have a lot of influence on what America does, and when they do it. Still, it is not something that happens overnight. It takes a lot of experience to become a newscaster to the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A newscaster will influence the public that will make or break a morning, afternoon, or evening. The weatherman will help people be prepared for the day ahead. While, the sportscaster tells which team won or lost and who got signed and let go. On-the-scene newscasters tell what is happening right then and there. Still, the anchors bring it all together by presenting the news at5am, 6am, 7am, noon, and 5pm. When they all come together America knows what is going on, which is what you want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to inform America, a newscaster must have college experience as well as on-the-job experience. When an aspiring newscaster comes out of college, they don't become a newscaster immediately. Many become journalists or studies. Some may realize that they want something else and change jobs. Becoming a newscaster and informing the public, is something that takes experience and know-how. Anything can happen, and newscasters need to be prepared.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pressure on newscasters is very intense. They need to report the truth and many want to change the view of newscasters. The media in general have the stereotype of being pushy, annoying, and untruthful. Reporting the truth is key. The journalists who research the information are under a tremendous amount of pressure to make sure the information is correct. This way, both America is happy, and then so are the newscasters.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay

Meet the Client: Jeff Smith Thirty-two-year-old Jeff Smith is admitted from his healthcare provider’s office to the acute care facility. Jeff was diagnosed HIV positive 2 years ago. His history includes fatigue, a productive cough, and weight loss. A tuberculosis (TB) skin test was administered in the healthcare provider’s office. Admission prescriptions include â€Å"isolation precautions for possible tuberculosis.† Admission Procedure The nurse welcomes Jeff to a private room at the end of the hall. According to hospital protocol, the nurse puts on a mask before starting the admission process. Jeff tells the nurse that his partner is downstairs and that he would like his partner to stay in the room with him. 1. How should the nurse respond? A) â€Å"Your healthcare provider wants you to get some rest.† INCORRECT Jeff is requesting an opportunity for psychosocial support, which should be honored by the nurse. B) â€Å"Your partner may stay, but only after we have the results of his tuberculin skin test.† INCORRECT Significant others may stay with appropriate protective equipment. C) â€Å"Your partner may stay, but he needs to wear a mask.† CORRECT Jeff’s partner may stay in the room, but he should wear a mask to help decrease the possibility of contracting the TB organism. D) â€Å"You don’t want to risk infecting your partner with TB, do you?† INCORRECT Jeff’s partner has already been exposed. In addition, this response denies Jeff the support he is requesting. Jeff’s partner, Anthony, arrives. Jeff wants to know why a mask is necessary for people entering his room. 2. What teaching should the nurse implement? A) Explain the use of a private room and mobile high-efficiency particle filters placed in the room. INCORRECT These are necessary precautions against infectious, airborne diseases such as TB. However, providing this information does not answer Jeff’s question. B) Explain that the tuberculosis organism is most often spread through the air. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, they produce infectious droplets that can be breathed in by another person. CORRECT This answer gives Jeff the scientific rationale for wearing a mask. C) Tell Jeff that tuberculosis will not be spread to others, and everything will be okay if the mask is worn. INCORRECT This is false information. Wearing a mask will not prevent the contraction of tuberculosis (TB), but it will reduce the risk of contracting the disease. D) Tell Jeff that masks are required for those persons who do not agree to be vaccinated with BCG vaccine. INCORRECT The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccine is not generally recommended for use in the United States. It is only used here for very select persons who meet specific criteria. Isolation The unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) asks why Jeff could not be in an empty semiprivate room closer to the nurse’s station so the staff would not have to walk so far to provide care. 3. What information should the nurse provide to the UAP on infection control practices? A) The client needs to be at the end of the hall because he requires privacy. INCORRECT This is not the reason for the location of Jeff’s room. B) The implementation of airborne precautions for possible TB requires a private, negative pressure room assignment. CORRECT According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in addition to isolating Jeff by using a private room, engineering controls can help to prevent the spread of TB. Controlling the direction of the airflow can prevent contamination of air in adjacent areas. C) A private room is required to implement contact precautions for possible TB. INCORRECT Airborne precautions, rather than contact precautions, are required to prevent the spread of TB. D) The client needs to be at the end of the hall for confidentiality. INCORRECT Confidentiality is provided for every client, regardless of the client’s room location. The nurse notices the UAP about to enter Jeff’s room to deliver a meal tray without wearing any protective apparel. 4. What information should the nurse provide to the UAP? A) A mask is required for healthcare workers entering the room of someone suspected of having active TB. CORRECT TB is spread by airborne transmission of droplet nuclei. A well fitting, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) mask is necessary to filter the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus. B) Wearing a mask, gown, and gloves is required for healthcare workers entering Jeff’s room for any reason. INCORRECT The only protective apparel required when entering the room is a HEPA mask. C) The UAP will only be in the room for a brief moment to deliver the tray, so no intervention is needed by the nurse. INCORRECT Since TB is spread by airborne transmission of droplet nuclei, a HEPA mask is necessary for the UAP to wear. The nurse needs to inform the UAP of this and ensure that appropriate PPE is worn in Jeff’s room. D) Non-sterile gloves are necessary to deliver the meal and prevent the spread of TB. INCORRECT Gloves do not prevent the transmission of an airborne organism. Specimen Collection An acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain is part of the initial admission prescriptions. Early morning sputum specimens will be collected for 3 consecutive days and sent to the lab. 5. Which task(s) may the nurse delegate to the UAP? (Select all that apply.) A) Tell Jeff that the specimen must be collected in the early morning. CORRECT This task may be delegated. B) Provide Jeff with 3 sterile specimen cups at his bedside. CORRECT This task may be delegated. C) Teach the client how to cough to obtain sputum from deep in the bronchi. INCORRECT Teaching is a responsibility of the nurse that cannot be delegated. Jeff needs to be taught to cough deeply, using the diaphragm to produce sputum from the bronchi instead of saliva from the oral cavity. D) Document the time and date that each sputum specimen was collected. CORRECT This task may be safely delegated. However, it is the nurse’s responsibility to ensure that the documentation is completed and sent with the specimen to the lab. E) Assess Jeff’s abilty to expectorate a sputum specimen. INCORRECT This task may not be delegated. Jeff is scheduled for several activities the following morning. 6. Which activity should Jeff perform first upon awakening? A) Eat a nutritionally dense, early morning snack sent from the food services department. INCORRECT While small, nutritionally dense meals and snacks are necessary for clients with HIV and/or TB, another action is of greater priority. B) Obtain the first of 3 sputum specimens for laboratory testing. CORRECT Because secretions collect during the night, Jeff should take the opportunity to cough and expectorate upon awakening before performing other morning activities. C) Take a shower and get ready to go to radiology for a chest X-ray. INCORRECT Another action is of greater priority. D) Weigh to determine if weight loss from the disease is continuing. INCORRECT Although daily weight monitoring may be done, another action is of greater priority. Legal/Ethical Concepts A female staff nurse tells the nursing supervisor that she does not want to be assigned to care for Jeff. She states, â€Å"I have never cared for a client with HIV and do not want to start now. I have babies at home that need me.† 7. The nursing supervisor should base her response on what information about the right of a nurse to refuse to care for clients with HIV? A) The registered nurse has the right and responsibility to protect the health of self and family and may therefore refuse to care for clients with contagious diseases. INCORRECT This answer does not meet the professional guidelines set forth by the ANA Code for Nurses that guide ethical nursing practice. B) The registered nurse may refuse to care for a client in circumstances where risk to the nurse outweighs the nurse’s responsibility to care for a client or if the assignment conflicts with the nurse’s ethical standards. CORRECT According to the ANA Code for Nurses, a nurse may morally refuse to participate in care, but only on the grounds of either client advocacy or moral objection to a specific type of intervention. Exceptions may be made when risk of harm outweighs the nurse’s responsibility to care for a given client. For example, an immunosuppressed nurse may refuse to care for clients with certain infectious processes. The pregnant nurse may refuse to care for the client with HIV who has secondary infections such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus, both of which can cause severe damage or death to the fetus. C) Refusal to treat or care for a person based on race, gender, or age is discrimination, which the federal government prohibits. INCORRECT The nurse in this case is not refusing to care for the client based on these  parameters. If the nurse did refuse, it would be illegal. D) The required staffing ratio of licensed personnel to client population does not allow for professional nurses to refuse to care for a client. INCORRECT Staffing ratio is a budgeting issue. Nurses in many states may claim â€Å"safe harbor† if they feel staffing is unsafe, but this is not the reason given for refusal in this case. 8.  How should the nursing supervisor respond to the staff nurse who does not want to care for Jeff? A) â€Å"I understand. I will assign you to a different client and give Jeff to one of the other nurses.† INCORRECT This response does not provide an opportunity to assess if something else is needed. B) â€Å"I understand you are concerned, but I am concerned about you losing your job over this.† INCORRECT Not only is addressing possible dismissal of the nurse premature, this response does not provide an opportunity to assess whether something else is needed. C) â€Å"I understand your fears, but do you realize this will cause a hardship on your fellow staff members?† INCORRECT This response does not help develop the nurse as a team member, nor does it provide an opportunity to assess if something else is needed. D) â€Å"I understand you want to protect your children. Please tell me your concerns regarding caring for a client with HIV.† CORRECT This response by the nurse supervisor demonstrates compassion and provides an opportunity to discover if education of the staff nurse is needed. Client Education The nurse checks on Jeff and finds him reading a brochure about TB. 9. Which statement by Jeff indicates that he understands why he is at risk for TB? A) â€Å"I realize my helper T cells are diminished from HIV. Those are the cells needed to fight TB.† CORRECT HIV attacks the CD4 receptors on the helper T cells that help the body fight off diseases such as TB. B) â€Å"I may get tuberculosis because my viral load count is diminished.† INCORRECT An increased HIV viral load indicates disease progression and puts the client  at risk for opportunistic infections. A decreased viral load count is desirable. It is a goal of anti-HIV therapy. C) â€Å"I am at risk for developing TB because I was born with a low number of helper T cells.† INCORRECT This may indicate Jeff is in denial or lacks correct information. The human immunodeficiency virus is acquired rather than genetic in origin. D) â€Å"I realize I am at risk for acquiring TB because I used intravenous drugs in the past.† INCORRECT Jeff could have been exposed to HIV and hepatitis virus from a contaminated needle. However, the mode of transmission of the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli is through respiratory secretions, not blood-borne routes. After 3 days, the nurse receives the results from Jeff’s tuberculin skin test that was administered at his healthcare provider’s office. Even though Jeff’s reaction to the tuberculin skin test measures only 5 mm in diameter, the healthcare provider documents a positive test result. A new graduate nurse finds this confusing. She tells her preceptor that she thought a 10 mm induration was the minimum size for a positive reading. 10. How should the nurse-preceptor respond? A) â€Å"This confuses me, too. I think we need to consult with the healthcare provider.† INCORRECT The nurse-preceptor should be able to explain the tuberculin skin test result. B) â€Å"That is not always true. A 5 mm induration is considered positive for TB in a person with HIV.† CORRECT The person with HIV has diminished T cell immunity, which compromises their ability to react to skin tests. Therefore, an induration of 5 mm is considered a positive reaction, rather than the standard of 10 to 15 mm for other groups. C) â€Å"It may be that you are confusing induration with inflammation in skin testing results.† INCORRECT The hardened, raised area of induration at the site of the skin test is measured. Any flat, reddened area of inflammation is not measured. The graduate nurse did not indicate confusion between the two. D) â€Å"Let’s ask the nurse-practitioner who specializes in caring for clients who are HIV  positive.† INCORRECT Although the practitioner is an excellent resource, the nurse-preceptor should be able to explain the tuberculin skin test result. Pharmacotherapeutics/Medication Administration Before breakfast, the nurse brings Jeff the HIV medicines that are due. Jeff inquires about his other medications, stating, â€Å"I take all my HIV pills at once before breakfast. I don’t want to bother with this disease all day long!† 11.  How should the nurse reply? A) â€Å"To be most effective, HIV medications are prescribed on different schedules.† CORRECT Some HIV inhibitors need to be given on an empty stomach and some need to be given with food for best effectiveness. Many need to be taken around the clock, even if sleep is disrupted, to ensure drug efficacy. B) â€Å"All right. I will give the rest to the UAP to bring in as soon as possible.† INCORRECT This is not the correct way for Jeff to take his medication, nor is it within the UAP’s scope of practice to give medications. C) â€Å"We are just trying to provide you with the best nursing care possible on this unit.† INCORRECT That is a defensive reply, which does not contribute to educating Jeff. D) â€Å"We need your cooperation to help fight this disease.† INCORRECT This reply is judgmental and implies that Jeff is uncooperative, which he is not. Jeff responds by agreeing to take his medications as prescribed. He then states, â€Å"However, I don’t know what good they will do. Do you?† 12.  How should the nurse respond? A) â€Å"I honestly do not know, but I would give it a try. What is there to lose?† INCORRECT This response does not educate Jeff about the purpose of the HIV meds. B) â€Å"The main purpose of these medicines is to block the replication of the HIV virus.† CORRECT The purpose of the antiretroviral and inhibitor medicines is to block the replication of the HIV virus and prevent opportunistic diseases. C) â€Å"You should talk to your healthcare provider about your medications.† INCORRECT The nurse should be able to answer Jeff’s question about his medications. D) â€Å"Tell me about the experiences your friends have had with these medicines.† INCORRECT Exploration of how Jeff formed his opinion would be better if left until after the nurse answers Jeff’s question. Jeff’s healthcare provider has also prescribed the antibiotic Rifater. This drug is a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. 13.  What information is important to teach Jeff about the use of Rifater? (Select all that apply.) A) Rifampin stains urine, stool, saliva, sweat, and tears reddish-orange. CORRECT This teaching can help Jeff prepare for this side effect without anxiety. B) Liver function tests should be routinely conducted and monitored. CORRECT The major side effect of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide is drug-induced hepatitis. Therefore, Jeff must be taught the importance of having blood samples drawn to monitor his liver function. C) There is no need to wear sunscreen when exposed to sunlight while taking Rifater. INCORRECT Pyrazinamide may make the skin sensitive to sunlight, and this should be taught to the client. D) Supplemental Vitamin B6 may be prescribed. CORRECT Jeff may be prescribed Vitamin B6 to prevent peripheral neuritis, a side effect of isoniazid (INH). E) Rifater has been known to cure HIV within a few months of taking it. INCORRECT Rifater is a first-line anti-tubeculin drug Nursing Diagnosis Jeff has been diagnosed with the opportunistic disease TB. He has experienced weight loss and has a CD4 cell count of 240 cells/mm3. The healthcare provider moves Jeff from the HIV asymptomatic stage (CDC HIV Infection Stage 1) to the HIV Infection Stage 3 (AIDS). 14. What is the priority nursing diagnosis for Jeff at this time? A) Risk for new opportunistic infections related to decreased immune function. CORRECT Since Jeff’s immune system is no longer competent, he is at risk for additional opportunistic infections. Immune problems start when the CD4 cell count drops below 500 cells/mm3. Preventing infections is a basic need and is a high priority in the immunocompromised client. B) Social isolation related to worsening of condition. INCORRECT Social isolation should be addressed, but there is a higher priority nursing diagnosis. C) Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements related to medication side effects. INCORRECT Although this is frequently a side effect of taking HIV and TB medications, there is a higher priority nursing diagnosis. D) Fatigue related to altered body chemistry. INCORRECT Although the client initially complained of fatigue, there is a nursing diagnosis with a higher priority. Infection Control One of the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) says, â€Å"Now that Jeff’s condition has worsened and he has been moved to the HIV Symptomatic stage, shouldn’t added precautions be posted on Jeff’s door to protect staff members?† 15. What information should the nurse give the UAP? A) Following standard precautions will minimize the exposure to blood and body fluids. CORRECT Standard precautions are designed to prevent contact with blood or body fluids, which are the mode of transmission for HIV, and are used no matter what the stage classification of the disease. B) Reverse isolation procedures should be implemented to protect the staff. INCORRECT Reverse isolation protects the immune-compromised client, not the staff. C) Respiratory precautions are all that are needed, and those are already posted on the door. INCORRECT This does not address the UAP’s concerns about prevention of HIV transmission from client to staff. D) Staff members caring for Jeff should begin prophylaxis medications. INCORRECT Unless HIV exposure occurs, staff should not begin the postexposure prophylacis regimen. The UAP has been assigned to help Jeff bathe. As the UAP prepares to enter Jeff’s room, the nurse observes her putting on a gown, gloves, mask, and goggles. 16. What should the nurse say to the UAP? A) â€Å"I see you are putting on a gown, gloves, mask, and goggles to go into the client’s room. Help me understand this choice.† CORRECT This type of open-ended statement seeks clarification and invites the UAP into a dialog where teaching can take place. The nurse can then educate the UAP concerning the proper use of equipment. Standard precautions (for HIV) require that gloves be worn, and respiratory precautions (for TB) require that a mask be worn. Goggles and a gown are not necessary. B) â€Å"Don’t you know all that equipment is not necessary?† INCORRECT This statement is overly aggressive and may seem demeaning to the UAP. C) â€Å"Wearing all that equipment is a waste of hospital supplies.† INCORRECT While it is important to ensure effective use of resources, this statement is critical and negative and may cause the UAP to become defensive. D) â€Å"Wearing all that equipment may frighten Jeff.† INCORRECT While the excessive equipment may frighten Jeff, there is a better response. Oral Candidiasis The nurse notices that Jeff has left most of his dinner untouched. The nurse offers to order something different for Jeff, but he replies that his mouth is sore and he just doesn’t feel like eating. 17. Which assessment finding by the nurse would be indicative of oral candidiasis, a common secondary infection in persons with compromised immune systems? A) Blisters on the tongue or oral mucosa. INCORRECT This is a sign of herpes simplex type virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. B) Inflammation of the gums. INCORRECT This is a symptom of gingivitis. C) Painless white lesions on the lateral surface of the tongue. INCORRECT This is a description of leukoplakia. D) White-yellow patches on the tongue or oral mucosa. CORRECT This sign is indicative of a Candida albicans infection. It is a common finding in people with HIV, and it frequently occurs with a falling CD4 cell count. The nurse notifies the healthcare provider, who prescribes nystatin (Mycostatin) 6 ml PO 4 times per day. 18. What instruction should the nurse give Jeff about the use of liquid Mycostatin? A) Place all of the suspension in the mouth, then swish and swallow immediately. INCORRECT This is not the proper way to take liquid Mycostatin. B) Sip the suspension over 5 minutes, swishing and swallowing after each sip. INCORRECT This is not the proper way to take liquid Mycostatin. C) Place the suspension in the mouth, then swish for several minutes before swallowing. CORRECT This â€Å"swish and swallow† technique is the proper way to take liquid Mycostatin. Providers also recommend gargling, as well as swishing, prior to swallowing. D) Use the applicator to paint the medication on the infected sites and swallow the remaining dose. INCORRECT This describes the recommended procedure for young children or infants taking Mycostatin. Nutritional Interventions Jeff Smith is 5 feet, 11 inches tall. He has a large frame and weighs 152 pounds. His current BMI (body mass index) is 17.4. Jeff says he realizes he should eat, but he does not have the energy or the appetite, even when he has no oral pain. The nurse identifies the nursing diagnosis of, â€Å"Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements.† 19.  To achieve the goal of improving Jeff’s nutrition, which nursing intervention should the nurse perform? A) Consult with Jeff to assess his food preferences. CORRECT Determining Jeff’s food preferences is a good first step. It is essential that Jeff be an active participant in his care so he has some control. If a favorite food is not on the menu, it can be requested. B) Request a prescription for total parenteral nutrition (TPN). INCORRECT While this may eventually be needed, it is not the best intervention at this point. C) Inform Jeff that adequate nutrition is essential. INCORRECT Jeff has already indicated he understands the need to eat. D) Instruct Jeff to focus on breakfast, the most important meal of the day. INCORRECT It is not necessary to focus on breakfast. Adequate nutrition can be achieved from meals eaten throughout the day. 20.  Since Jeff now has thrush, in addition to fatigue and anorexia, which food best contributes to improving Jeff’s nutrition? A) Broiled steak. INCORRECT Although steak is a good source of protein, it requires energy to chew, and it may be irritating to Jeff’s mouth. B) Milk shake. CORRECT A milk shake is a nutrient-dense food. It provides needed calories, calcium, and protein. Jeff can drink the nutritious snack without using the energy it would take to eat a full meal. Jeff may find the cool liquid is soothing to his sore mouth. C) Tomato soup. INCORRECT Although liquid soup is not difficult to eat, (note, the warmth could be soothing), the acidity of the tomato soup may be irritating to Jeff’s mouth. D) Lettuce salad with raw vegetables. INCORRECT Although a salad with raw vegetables is a good source of vitamins, it  requires energy to chew, and it may be irritating to Jeff’s mouth. A Complication Occurs Jeff develops severe diarrhea with occasional incontinence that could be caused by an opportunistic gastrointestinal infection or by one of his medications. While stool cultures are pending, other interventions can be initiated. 21.  Which task(s) should be delegated to the UAP? (Select all that apply.) A) Weigh Jeff each morning before breakfast. CORRECT Weights can be obtained by the UAP. B) Measure the urine output. CORRECT Measurement of the urine output can be delegated to the UAP, then reported to the RN. C) Count and record the number of watery stools. CORRECT The UAP can legally count and record the number of watery stools. However, it is the nurse’s responsibility to be aware of the client’s condition and promptly report any significant changes to the healthcare provider. D) Evaluate the rate and quality of Jeff’s pulse. INCORRECT The nurse must evaluate the quality and rate of Jeff’s pulse because this requires judgment and expertise beyond the scope of practice of unlicensed personnel. E) Check Jeff’s skin turgor to determine if he is dehydrated. INCORRECT The nurse conducts physical exam procedures, including assessing for alterations in skin turgor, to determine hydration status. This expertise is not within the scope of practice for the UAP. When performing Jeff’s morning physical assessment, the nurse discovers that he has a weak, rapid pulse. He also has decreased skin turgor and dry, sticky, oral mucous membranes. His weight is 2 pounds less than it was yesterday morning. 22.  What is the priority nursing diagnosis? A) Fatigue. INCORRECT Fatigue may be present with diarrhea, but it is not the priority nursing diagnosis. B) Disturbed sleep pattern. INCORRECT While diarrhea may certainly disrupt sleep, this is not the priority diagnosis. C) Deficit Fluid Volume. CORRECT A weak, rapid pulse; decreased skin turgor; dry, sticky, oral mucous membranes; and weight loss are signs of dehydration. D) Situational low self-esteem. INCORRECT Incontinence of stool may lead to low self-esteem, but this is not the priority diagnosis. 23.  Which action should the nurse take first? A) Hold Jeff’s breakfast tray to provide bowel rest. INCORRECT While clear liquids or another diet that promotes bowel rest may be prescribed, another action should be performed first. B) Perform oral care and moisten mucous membranes. INCORRECT Another action should be performed first. C) Take Jeff’s blood pressure to assess for postural hypotension. CORRECT Postural hypotension can result from dehydration. Therefore, it is important for the nurse to obtain this vital information because it directly impacts Jeff’s safety. D) Notify the healthcare provider of Jeff’s weak, rapid pulse. INCORRECT Another action should be performed before notifying the healthcare provider. 24.  The health care provider is notified of Jeff’s physical exam findings indicating possible dehydration and vital signs, including a blood pressure of 100/50. It is determined that Jeff could use a bolus of IV fluids. The HCP prescribes 1000 cc of normal saline to run over 6 hours. The drop factor tubing set is 15 drops/ml. How many drops/minute will the IV run? (Enter the  numerical value only. If rounding is required, round to the whole number.) 42  CORRECT 1000/360 X 15 = 41.66 = 42 gtts/minute Jeff’s stool cultures are negative. After treatment with fluids and diet modification, his diarrhea resolves in 24 hours. Jeff’s fluid balance is restored and his oral candidiasis is resolving. Discharge Instructions Before Jeff is discharged home, it is important that he understands how to prevent the spread of HIV. When discussing infection control practices with the nurse, Jeff says, â€Å"I have heard that condoms don’t always prevent HIV.† 25.  How should the nurse respond? A) â€Å"If used correctly and consistently, latex condoms are highly effective in preventing the transmission of HIV.† CORRECT Jeff’s misinformation and misunderstanding is a common myth regarding the effectiveness of latex condoms. Studies prove that condoms work. B) â€Å"I know you would feel terrible if you passed HIV to someone because you did not use a condom.† INCORRECT Not only is this statement judgmental, the nurse also presumes to know how Jeff will feel. C) â€Å"I will have an AIDS educator discuss condom use with you.† INCORRECT The nurse has the knowledge to respond to Jeff’s question. D) â€Å"What is your source of information about condom failure?† INCORRECT While it may be helpful to know where Jeff got his information, this response does not answer Jeff’s question. Jeff assures the nurse that he will use a condom with each sexual encounter. He also expresses concern that he may become dehydrated again. 26.  What resource can be provided for Jeff in the event this complication occurs? A) Meals on Wheels. INCORRECT Meals on Wheels is a national nonprofit organization that delivers food to the elderly, the disabled, and the homebound. Jeff would not be a candidate to receive help from Meals on Wheels. B) HIV/AIDS support group. INCORRECT Although an HIV/AIDS support group can be a valuable resource, it cannot prevent Jeff from getting diarrhea or becoming dehydrated. C) Access to the services of a registered dietitian. CORRECT It is essential that the nurse arrange a consult for Jeff with a registered dietitian before he is discharged home. The dietitian will give Jeff specific information on suggested foods and liquids to include in his diet to help prevent dehydration if diarrhea occurs at home. The clinical dietitian will provide Jeff with resources, such as a phone number, that will give him access to the dietitian on an outpatient basis. Breast cancer Evolve Case Study Breast Cancer – Patient: Sandra Williams 1) â€Å"Select whatever day you can best remember to perform BSE consistently every month.† 2) â€Å"When lying down, your arm should be positioned over your head.† 3) The combination of yearly CBE and monthly BSE is the best approach for early detection.† 4) Teach Barb that even women with no identified risk factors are at risk 5) â€Å"You may experience some discomfort, but only for a few minutes.† 6) â€Å"It’s hard to believe that this is happening, isn’t it?† 7) â€Å"Are you saying that you do not want to have surgery?† 8) Anticipatory grieving 9) â€Å"To ensure your safety, I need to notify the surgeon of the snack you ate.† 10) Nonmaleficence 11) Notify the surgeon that further explanation of the procedure is necessary 12) Observe the Jackson-Pratt drainage device, Administer a PRN dose of prescribed analgesic, Monitor vital signs and pulse oximetry 13) Encourage Sandra to continue performing these exercises 14) Advise the UAP to immediately stop and obtain a larger cuff so the BP reading can be taken in the leg 15) Both the GN and UAP are at fault for the incorrect action of the UAP. 16) Ask Sandra to clarify how she learned this information so  that a plan for further teaching can be developed 17) Blood clots 18) â€Å"The medication decreases estrogen levels, which is what also causes the symptoms of menopause 19) Diarrhea, Alopecia 20) Label the two lumens as non-functional, and use one of the remaining lumens 21) Oral temperature of 99.5 ° F 22) Altered tissue perfusion 23) Apply a sequential compression device, Elevate the affected arm. 24) Fifteen minutes prior to administration of the next dose of the drug. 25) 63 26) Candida superinfection 27) A 65-year-old woman, who is a retired teacher and who never married or had children. 28) Younger sister 29) Unusual skin texture. 30) Hard, irregular, and does not move freely

Role of Islam in Economic Develpoment

International Ataturk-Alatoo University Role of Islam in Economic Development Done: Aizhamal ZHUMALIEVA Checked: Ibragim KONCAK 2012 Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Statistics and Trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Economics of Wealth Generation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Islamic Merchants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Islamic Law and Economic Growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Islamic Banking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 IntroductionResearchers like Huntington (1996), Landes (1999), and Inglehart and Baker (2000) argue that explanations for economic growth should go further to include a nation’s culture. Their argument absolutely makes sense because culture affects personal traits such as honesty, thrift, willingness to work hard, and openness to stranges, which consequently influences economic outcomes. Religion is thought to be one of the most important dimensions of culture. Thus Weber (1930) argued that religious practices and beliefs had important consequences for economic development.Islam is no exception, just as David Landes, the Harvard economic historian, wrote in his book à ¢â‚¬Å"The Wealth and Poverty of Nations†, â€Å"No one can understand the economic performance of the Muslim nations without attending to the experience of Islam as faith and culture,† In 10th century, which is known as Golden Age for Islam, Muslim societies led the world in science, philosophy, culture and prosperity. But soon it came to the end, and Islamic countries have long lagged behind other countries. It is easy to define with the help of analysis of current international financial data.Those data highlight the great inequality in income between Christian dominant and Muslim dominant countries. The richest countries in the world are those of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Only a small number of Muslim countries approach to their income levels, and this is only due to their oil wealth. In many of Muslim countries income growth is low so that gap is widening. Scholars are sure that it is not just coincidence but Islam has significant influence on economic a scents and descents. If it is so, what role does Islam play in economic performance? How does it affect economic advancement?What spheres and industries does Islam influence? Is there any way to solve the problem? The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between Islam and economy and critique some Islamic mechanisms that drag the economic activity. The first part of the paper suggests some statistical data that reflects general image of economic state of Islamic countries. Next section defines the process of wealth generation and impact of Islam on capital, innovation, and literacy. After, Islamic trading patterns are analyzed. Then Timur Kuran’s, well-known economist, arguments about economic effect of Islam are stated.And the last part reviews Islamic financial institutions. Statistics and Trends Level of economic development, whether measured by per capita income or variables like trade, literacy, science, scholarship and technology, has long been lower in the Islamic world than in Christian world, especially those of in West. Here is one empirical data that prove this situation with income per capita being a dependent variable. Table 1 is a regression model, which include 132 countries covered by the World Development Report for 1995, shows that relationship exists between Islam and per capita income.In the first regression, independent variable is the share of Muslim within total population, this regression indicates statistically significant negative relationship between two variables, but its fit is poor. The second regression, which includes additional independent variable, has considerably better fit. Membership in OPEC turns out to be a significant contributor to income, and location in Subsaharan Africa a highly significant depressor. The Muslim share of population remains very significant negative determinant of income.The model also reflects the fact that the African, South Asian, and East Asian countries with large Muslim mino rities tend to be poorer than countries with Muslim majorities located in the Middle East. Table 1 The Relationship between Islam and Per Capita Income | (1)| (2)| Constant| 3. 33| 3. 55| Share Muslim| -0. 41***(-2. 57)| -2. 07****(-2. 87)| Square Share Muslim| | 1. 76**(2. 29)| OPEC Member| | 0. 42*(2. 20)| Susaharan Africa| | -0. 67*****(-5. 77)| R-squared| 0. 4| 0. 34| Notes: 132 countries were included in the regression. Asterisks *, **, ***, ****, ***** denote significance at the 0. 03, 0. 2, 0. 01, 0. 005, and 0. 0000 levels, respectively. Following charts show the Muslim share of global income and the share of global population. Income share is 5. 98 %, which is strikingly less than population share, which is 19. 22 %. According to this data we can assume that Muslims average income obviously lower than of non-Muslims. In most of the countries, where Muslims live in large numbers, are generally poorer. And few will deny this fact. To investigate how this outcome came up I wil l review the process of wealth creation and the role of Islam in this process. Figure 1 Economics of Wealth GenerationLevel of income in an economy is related to the volume of goods and services produced. The amount of this production in the long term is determined by three factors: the availability and exploitation of natural resource; the quantity of productive capacity in terms of buildings, infrastructure, machinery plant and equipment; and the availability, ability, training and resourcefulness of the workforce. These â€Å"factors of production† are essential to income producing capacities. Natural resource endowment of a country is a matter of circumstance, religion has nothing to do with availability of natural resource.Islamic countries, especially those in the Middle East are very lucky to have oil wealth, the biggest contributor to Muslim economy. Physical resources however are man-made. The availability of these resources depends on accumulation of physical invest ment in building construction, purchase of equipment and maintenance of the stock of these assets. It is here that the culture and religion, Islam in particular, may play a role. In order to create physical productive asset, what economists call â€Å"capital†, long process of planning, risk taking, vision and enterprise are required.Arthur Lewis (1955, 105) argued in his textbook on economic growth: â€Å"Some religions are more compatible with economic growth than others. If religion stress upon material value, upon work, upon thrift and productive investment, upon honesty in commercial relations, upon experimentation and risk bearing, and upon equality of opportunity, it will be helpful to growth, whereas in so far as it is hostile to this things, it tends to inhibit growth. † He did not provide the classifications of religion according to their support for development.But other economists like Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and luigi Zingales did. They conducted a mu ltinational set of surveys that covers sixty-six countries. In a study that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics, they noted that, â€Å"on average, Christian religions are more positively associated with attitudes that are conductive to economic growth, while Islam is negatively associated. † In comparison with people of other religion, Muslims were generally less disposed to agree with pro-market statements such as â€Å"Competition is good†, â€Å"private ownership of business an industry should be increased†.It means that Muslims are not willing to adopt industrialization and modernization, without which creation of capital is barely possible. Report clearly indicates that Islam sufficiently discouraging economic development in terms of physical resources. The same opinion had Daniel (19958, 405) who wrote in his best-known work, The Passing of Traditional Society, that â€Å"the top policy problem, for three generations of Middle Eastern leaders, has been whether one must choose between ‘Mecca or Mechanization’ or whether one can make them compatible. He observed that Islam was inimical to the structural changes essential to the Islamic world’s progress. Affirmatively Islam played very effective role in capital creation and obviously negative. So, if country’s aim was to develop, choice would ultimately get resolved in favor of ‘mechanization’. The third factor of production is human resource. This is not jus a matter of population. People need to be educated and trained in order to make use of the physical capital. Religion may play a role here too – possibly negative one.To the question whether Islam contributed to shaping the educational system that limited curiosity and innovation Lewis (1982, 229) answers in the affirmative. But how? Islam highly encourages education. It might have stemmed from the closure of the gate ‘ijtihad’, which meant end of freedom of in novation, independent judgment, and that all answers were already available and needed merely to follow and obey. Treating Islamic learning as perfection helped support an educational system that emphasized rot learning and memorization at the expense of problem solving.Granting that the prevailing educational system must have limited inquisitiveness and innovation, it could have extinguished new ideas and the desire for change. This resulted in overwhelmingly illiterate Muslim population. The scene has not changed a lot in present days either, series of reports for United Nations pointed out that adult literacy rate barely topped fifty percent, which is disastrous for economic development. If there is no human resource who can tackle technology, machinery what are they needed for anyway?The nature of progress is improvements in physical capital over time that deliver increased output for given amount of material and labor input – higher productivity. By labor meant highly ed ucated and trained people, whom obviously lacks Muslim world. This ‘knowledge deficit’ has severely impeded economic growth. One thing that I cannot skip is the attitude toward women in Islam. In Islam women are inferior to men. Recent figures from the International Labor Organizations, published by world Bank, indicate that in the Middle East and North Africa, women comprise 28 % of the total labor force, whereas the world average is 40 %.As a group, these countries have the lowest female labor force participation in the world. One of the lowest figures is Saudi Arabia with 16%. This is reflection of cultural values regarding women in Muslim countries, values inseparable from religious values, which form following consequences. First, it decreases the overall income of country. If women were engaged in paid employment, increasing the labor force by 30%, additional contribution to national income would be around of 10%. Second, this limitation reduces potential producti on.Third, it is associated with higher birth in these countries, which correspondingly per capita income growth rate. So, this Islamic wise about women contribute to relative poverty. Now, as we have obtained sufficient image on how Islam has influenced the process of wealth generation I would like to take a quick look at Muslims trading patterns. Islamic Merchants The fact that Muslims ended up to be poor at trading puzzles me because the founder of Islam, The Prophet Muhammad is believed to have been a merchant, and in one occasion he reportedly said, â€Å"The trustworthy merchant will sit I in the shade of Allah’s throne. It is especially puzzling that Muslim merchants, given that early Islamic thought harbor certain pro-competitive traditions, along with Muslim consumers who stood to benefit from greater competition, failed to counter the anti-competitive influence of the guilds. Sabri Ulgener (1981) suggests that trading patterns were influenced by the economic moralit y associated with Islam. The foremost objective of Muslims’ economic doctrine is to replace the individualistic economic morality with a communalist morality.Which means Muslim do not support private ownership and income inequality, which is necessary to provide incentive for individual effort, and it leads to discouraging consequences for merchants. As private property rights were not protected in Islamic countries it is possible that trade with Muslims or in their countries was inefficient, and merchants simply avoided having any deal in Muslim world. Of course this is not the only reason for static trading pattern, there are tons of factors that could affect it.We just see that Islamic morality might have had an impact on merchants. Islamic Law and Economic growth The economist Timur Kuran, who grew up in Turkey and teaches at Duke University, traced the causes of fault in achieving industrialization and stable growth in his well acclaimed book, The Long Divergence: How Is lamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Islamic societies were slow to develop banks, commercial courts, joint stock companies, and the business organizations, for which Kuran blames social customs and religious rules, i. . Islamic laws. He focuses on laws covering business partnership and inheritance practices. These, he argues, discouraged the emergence of modern industrial corporations. In medieval times, trading partnership was the leading form of the business in the Middle East. In Islamic partnership any individual partner could end the relationship at will, and even the most successful ventures were terminated on the death of partner. As a result of these rule, most businesses tended to be small and short-lived.By the end of nineteenth century, the most durable trading entities in many Islamic countries were operated by non-Muslims, such as Armenians and Jews, Kuran adds, these organizations too were limited in their ability to raise money from outsiders because the region lacke d non-governmental financial channels. And this held back the establishment of corporations which would do huge contributions to economy. The other thing, according to Kuran, which hindered business consolidation is inheritance customs. Quran dictated that if Muslim merchant died at least two-third of his estate had to be split among surviving family members.This egalitarian Islamic law of inheritance discouraged the accumulation of wealth by dividing it among family members. The permissibility of polygamy fueled this problem as it divided the assets of wealthy merchants with multiple wives and children. Further, it prevented the creation of long-lasting, capital-intensive companies. These provocative claims are not backed up by statistical and empirical works, they generally derived basing only on a history. One can argue that claims are just hollow claims as Adeel Malik, professor in University of Oxford, did.But Kuran’s claims are sound and rational. In Western countries f or instance giant corporations were vital part of economic engine, which fueled prosperity, and they didn’t have any rules slightly related to those of Islamic. This could mean that Kuran is right with his arguments and Muslims should pay a little attention to them and may be check up their rules and see whether it is compatible with modern economic and financial system. Islamic Banking While investigating Islamic economy, it is impossible to ignore their financial system.Islamic economic doctrine on prohibition against riba, Arabic word which means â€Å"interest† or â€Å"usury†, is widely known. Muslim world convinced that conventional financial system is decadent, immoral and inequitable. However, in modern world, the one who is out of this system is out of economic advancement because financial institutions are the only monetary support for a business investment. Muslims may think that Muslim lenders and borrowers have long found their own ways to circumven t, but some data prove the opposite. First of all Islamic Banks are deficient.These banks exist not in all predominantly Islamic nations. They have constituted only a small share of the national banking system. For instance in thirteen out of fifteen major Islamic countries listed by Henry and Wilson (2004 b:7), Islamic banks accounted for less than 17% of the share of commercial bank deposits in late 1990s, in Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, and Tunisia Islamic banks were nonexistent or minuscule. By the year 2000 only three countries – Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan- had Islamized their banking system.The implication of this information is that Islamic bank appears to be important in only very small number of Muslim countries. Shortage of banks is huge obstacle for new investments and emergence of any industrial businesses. Furthermore, Islamic banks are at a competitive disadvantage before other domestic or foreign bans for three reasons. First, a problem of moral h azard arises. Second, accounts in an Islamic bank must yield a return at least close to that of their competitors in order to attract deposits.Third, these banks are burdened with a curious problem of adverse selection. So, the future of Islamic banking does not seem to be glowing. As we see, the prohibition on interest serves no beneficial purpose. Elaborate scheme to circumvent such transactions because of their supposed immorality or due to their prohibition serve no purpose but except to increase costs and increase inefficiency. Conclusion This paper has reviewed important areas of economic activity and the role of Islam in it. And religion affirmatively has great influence on economy of Islamic world.Basing on all finding I conclude that Islam was inconductive to economic development, or at least less supportive than was Christian dominant countries. Few Muslims appreciated the discoveries and innovation, which has been fatal cause for physical resource or capital. The nature o f Islamic education was not helpful in developing open minded citizens fully equipped to fulfill their ambitions and potential. Islamic attitude toward women negatively affects production and income. Very few Muslims were seeking to capitalize, which caused uncomfortable conditions for merchants.The constraints and costs imposed on financial institutions by the nominal prohibition on interest payments preclude a free market in financial capital, causing inefficiencies, moral hazard in banking system, and limiting the funds for investment. These were drawbacks of religion that possibly caused stagnation in Islamic countries. And of course there are ways of getting out of this situation. Recent history provides examples of Muslim countries seeking to engage I the global economy and some of them succeeding.Indonesia, for instance, in 2008 its inflation adjusted GDP per capita was five and half times what it was in 1990, in Malasia during the same period, it rose almost six fold. Just a generation ago, both of these nations were overwhelmingly rural and poverty stricken. Today, they are industrialized middle-income countries. May be some Islamic countries should follow the lead of Turkey, the country which was transformed into an economically vibrant democracy. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of Turkish Republic, in 1929 abolished the caliphate and imposed strict church-state divide.After 1980, Turgut Ozal removed barriers to foreign trade and investment. Party’s Islamic heritage hasn’t prevented it from embracing a policy of economic modernization. Today, Turkey is the world's fifteenth-largest economy and a member of G-20. Example of Turkey suggests that it is possible to industrialize, modernize and still be faithful to religion, but Islam should not intervene in economic and political activities for its own sake, this will prevent Islam from being changed under the political influence and will maintain its cleanness.So, Islamic countries are not i n perfect condition, however they have all opportunities to prosper. This research paper analyzed just some of the factors, further researches and surveys needs to be conducted to identify other possible problems of static economy of Muslim world and to provide empirical and statistical information on Timur Kuran’s arguments. References Role of Islam in Economic Develpoment International Ataturk-Alatoo University Role of Islam in Economic Development Done: Aizhamal ZHUMALIEVA Checked: Ibragim KONCAK 2012 Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Statistics and Trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Economics of Wealth Generation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Islamic Merchants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Islamic Law and Economic Growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Islamic Banking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 IntroductionResearchers like Huntington (1996), Landes (1999), and Inglehart and Baker (2000) argue that explanations for economic growth should go further to include a nation’s culture. Their argument absolutely makes sense because culture affects personal traits such as honesty, thrift, willingness to work hard, and openness to stranges, which consequently influences economic outcomes. Religion is thought to be one of the most important dimensions of culture. Thus Weber (1930) argued that religious practices and beliefs had important consequences for economic development.Islam is no exception, just as David Landes, the Harvard economic historian, wrote in his book à ¢â‚¬Å"The Wealth and Poverty of Nations†, â€Å"No one can understand the economic performance of the Muslim nations without attending to the experience of Islam as faith and culture,† In 10th century, which is known as Golden Age for Islam, Muslim societies led the world in science, philosophy, culture and prosperity. But soon it came to the end, and Islamic countries have long lagged behind other countries. It is easy to define with the help of analysis of current international financial data.Those data highlight the great inequality in income between Christian dominant and Muslim dominant countries. The richest countries in the world are those of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Only a small number of Muslim countries approach to their income levels, and this is only due to their oil wealth. In many of Muslim countries income growth is low so that gap is widening. Scholars are sure that it is not just coincidence but Islam has significant influence on economic a scents and descents. If it is so, what role does Islam play in economic performance? How does it affect economic advancement?What spheres and industries does Islam influence? Is there any way to solve the problem? The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between Islam and economy and critique some Islamic mechanisms that drag the economic activity. The first part of the paper suggests some statistical data that reflects general image of economic state of Islamic countries. Next section defines the process of wealth generation and impact of Islam on capital, innovation, and literacy. After, Islamic trading patterns are analyzed. Then Timur Kuran’s, well-known economist, arguments about economic effect of Islam are stated.And the last part reviews Islamic financial institutions. Statistics and Trends Level of economic development, whether measured by per capita income or variables like trade, literacy, science, scholarship and technology, has long been lower in the Islamic world than in Christian world, especially those of in West. Here is one empirical data that prove this situation with income per capita being a dependent variable. Table 1 is a regression model, which include 132 countries covered by the World Development Report for 1995, shows that relationship exists between Islam and per capita income.In the first regression, independent variable is the share of Muslim within total population, this regression indicates statistically significant negative relationship between two variables, but its fit is poor. The second regression, which includes additional independent variable, has considerably better fit. Membership in OPEC turns out to be a significant contributor to income, and location in Subsaharan Africa a highly significant depressor. The Muslim share of population remains very significant negative determinant of income.The model also reflects the fact that the African, South Asian, and East Asian countries with large Muslim mino rities tend to be poorer than countries with Muslim majorities located in the Middle East. Table 1 The Relationship between Islam and Per Capita Income | (1)| (2)| Constant| 3. 33| 3. 55| Share Muslim| -0. 41***(-2. 57)| -2. 07****(-2. 87)| Square Share Muslim| | 1. 76**(2. 29)| OPEC Member| | 0. 42*(2. 20)| Susaharan Africa| | -0. 67*****(-5. 77)| R-squared| 0. 4| 0. 34| Notes: 132 countries were included in the regression. Asterisks *, **, ***, ****, ***** denote significance at the 0. 03, 0. 2, 0. 01, 0. 005, and 0. 0000 levels, respectively. Following charts show the Muslim share of global income and the share of global population. Income share is 5. 98 %, which is strikingly less than population share, which is 19. 22 %. According to this data we can assume that Muslims average income obviously lower than of non-Muslims. In most of the countries, where Muslims live in large numbers, are generally poorer. And few will deny this fact. To investigate how this outcome came up I wil l review the process of wealth creation and the role of Islam in this process. Figure 1 Economics of Wealth GenerationLevel of income in an economy is related to the volume of goods and services produced. The amount of this production in the long term is determined by three factors: the availability and exploitation of natural resource; the quantity of productive capacity in terms of buildings, infrastructure, machinery plant and equipment; and the availability, ability, training and resourcefulness of the workforce. These â€Å"factors of production† are essential to income producing capacities. Natural resource endowment of a country is a matter of circumstance, religion has nothing to do with availability of natural resource.Islamic countries, especially those in the Middle East are very lucky to have oil wealth, the biggest contributor to Muslim economy. Physical resources however are man-made. The availability of these resources depends on accumulation of physical invest ment in building construction, purchase of equipment and maintenance of the stock of these assets. It is here that the culture and religion, Islam in particular, may play a role. In order to create physical productive asset, what economists call â€Å"capital†, long process of planning, risk taking, vision and enterprise are required.Arthur Lewis (1955, 105) argued in his textbook on economic growth: â€Å"Some religions are more compatible with economic growth than others. If religion stress upon material value, upon work, upon thrift and productive investment, upon honesty in commercial relations, upon experimentation and risk bearing, and upon equality of opportunity, it will be helpful to growth, whereas in so far as it is hostile to this things, it tends to inhibit growth. † He did not provide the classifications of religion according to their support for development.But other economists like Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, and luigi Zingales did. They conducted a mu ltinational set of surveys that covers sixty-six countries. In a study that appeared in the Journal of Monetary Economics, they noted that, â€Å"on average, Christian religions are more positively associated with attitudes that are conductive to economic growth, while Islam is negatively associated. † In comparison with people of other religion, Muslims were generally less disposed to agree with pro-market statements such as â€Å"Competition is good†, â€Å"private ownership of business an industry should be increased†.It means that Muslims are not willing to adopt industrialization and modernization, without which creation of capital is barely possible. Report clearly indicates that Islam sufficiently discouraging economic development in terms of physical resources. The same opinion had Daniel (19958, 405) who wrote in his best-known work, The Passing of Traditional Society, that â€Å"the top policy problem, for three generations of Middle Eastern leaders, has been whether one must choose between ‘Mecca or Mechanization’ or whether one can make them compatible. He observed that Islam was inimical to the structural changes essential to the Islamic world’s progress. Affirmatively Islam played very effective role in capital creation and obviously negative. So, if country’s aim was to develop, choice would ultimately get resolved in favor of ‘mechanization’. The third factor of production is human resource. This is not jus a matter of population. People need to be educated and trained in order to make use of the physical capital. Religion may play a role here too – possibly negative one.To the question whether Islam contributed to shaping the educational system that limited curiosity and innovation Lewis (1982, 229) answers in the affirmative. But how? Islam highly encourages education. It might have stemmed from the closure of the gate ‘ijtihad’, which meant end of freedom of in novation, independent judgment, and that all answers were already available and needed merely to follow and obey. Treating Islamic learning as perfection helped support an educational system that emphasized rot learning and memorization at the expense of problem solving.Granting that the prevailing educational system must have limited inquisitiveness and innovation, it could have extinguished new ideas and the desire for change. This resulted in overwhelmingly illiterate Muslim population. The scene has not changed a lot in present days either, series of reports for United Nations pointed out that adult literacy rate barely topped fifty percent, which is disastrous for economic development. If there is no human resource who can tackle technology, machinery what are they needed for anyway?The nature of progress is improvements in physical capital over time that deliver increased output for given amount of material and labor input – higher productivity. By labor meant highly ed ucated and trained people, whom obviously lacks Muslim world. This ‘knowledge deficit’ has severely impeded economic growth. One thing that I cannot skip is the attitude toward women in Islam. In Islam women are inferior to men. Recent figures from the International Labor Organizations, published by world Bank, indicate that in the Middle East and North Africa, women comprise 28 % of the total labor force, whereas the world average is 40 %.As a group, these countries have the lowest female labor force participation in the world. One of the lowest figures is Saudi Arabia with 16%. This is reflection of cultural values regarding women in Muslim countries, values inseparable from religious values, which form following consequences. First, it decreases the overall income of country. If women were engaged in paid employment, increasing the labor force by 30%, additional contribution to national income would be around of 10%. Second, this limitation reduces potential producti on.Third, it is associated with higher birth in these countries, which correspondingly per capita income growth rate. So, this Islamic wise about women contribute to relative poverty. Now, as we have obtained sufficient image on how Islam has influenced the process of wealth generation I would like to take a quick look at Muslims trading patterns. Islamic Merchants The fact that Muslims ended up to be poor at trading puzzles me because the founder of Islam, The Prophet Muhammad is believed to have been a merchant, and in one occasion he reportedly said, â€Å"The trustworthy merchant will sit I in the shade of Allah’s throne. It is especially puzzling that Muslim merchants, given that early Islamic thought harbor certain pro-competitive traditions, along with Muslim consumers who stood to benefit from greater competition, failed to counter the anti-competitive influence of the guilds. Sabri Ulgener (1981) suggests that trading patterns were influenced by the economic moralit y associated with Islam. The foremost objective of Muslims’ economic doctrine is to replace the individualistic economic morality with a communalist morality.Which means Muslim do not support private ownership and income inequality, which is necessary to provide incentive for individual effort, and it leads to discouraging consequences for merchants. As private property rights were not protected in Islamic countries it is possible that trade with Muslims or in their countries was inefficient, and merchants simply avoided having any deal in Muslim world. Of course this is not the only reason for static trading pattern, there are tons of factors that could affect it.We just see that Islamic morality might have had an impact on merchants. Islamic Law and Economic growth The economist Timur Kuran, who grew up in Turkey and teaches at Duke University, traced the causes of fault in achieving industrialization and stable growth in his well acclaimed book, The Long Divergence: How Is lamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Islamic societies were slow to develop banks, commercial courts, joint stock companies, and the business organizations, for which Kuran blames social customs and religious rules, i. . Islamic laws. He focuses on laws covering business partnership and inheritance practices. These, he argues, discouraged the emergence of modern industrial corporations. In medieval times, trading partnership was the leading form of the business in the Middle East. In Islamic partnership any individual partner could end the relationship at will, and even the most successful ventures were terminated on the death of partner. As a result of these rule, most businesses tended to be small and short-lived.By the end of nineteenth century, the most durable trading entities in many Islamic countries were operated by non-Muslims, such as Armenians and Jews, Kuran adds, these organizations too were limited in their ability to raise money from outsiders because the region lacke d non-governmental financial channels. And this held back the establishment of corporations which would do huge contributions to economy. The other thing, according to Kuran, which hindered business consolidation is inheritance customs. Quran dictated that if Muslim merchant died at least two-third of his estate had to be split among surviving family members.This egalitarian Islamic law of inheritance discouraged the accumulation of wealth by dividing it among family members. The permissibility of polygamy fueled this problem as it divided the assets of wealthy merchants with multiple wives and children. Further, it prevented the creation of long-lasting, capital-intensive companies. These provocative claims are not backed up by statistical and empirical works, they generally derived basing only on a history. One can argue that claims are just hollow claims as Adeel Malik, professor in University of Oxford, did.But Kuran’s claims are sound and rational. In Western countries f or instance giant corporations were vital part of economic engine, which fueled prosperity, and they didn’t have any rules slightly related to those of Islamic. This could mean that Kuran is right with his arguments and Muslims should pay a little attention to them and may be check up their rules and see whether it is compatible with modern economic and financial system. Islamic Banking While investigating Islamic economy, it is impossible to ignore their financial system.Islamic economic doctrine on prohibition against riba, Arabic word which means â€Å"interest† or â€Å"usury†, is widely known. Muslim world convinced that conventional financial system is decadent, immoral and inequitable. However, in modern world, the one who is out of this system is out of economic advancement because financial institutions are the only monetary support for a business investment. Muslims may think that Muslim lenders and borrowers have long found their own ways to circumven t, but some data prove the opposite. First of all Islamic Banks are deficient.These banks exist not in all predominantly Islamic nations. They have constituted only a small share of the national banking system. For instance in thirteen out of fifteen major Islamic countries listed by Henry and Wilson (2004 b:7), Islamic banks accounted for less than 17% of the share of commercial bank deposits in late 1990s, in Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Syria, and Tunisia Islamic banks were nonexistent or minuscule. By the year 2000 only three countries – Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan- had Islamized their banking system.The implication of this information is that Islamic bank appears to be important in only very small number of Muslim countries. Shortage of banks is huge obstacle for new investments and emergence of any industrial businesses. Furthermore, Islamic banks are at a competitive disadvantage before other domestic or foreign bans for three reasons. First, a problem of moral h azard arises. Second, accounts in an Islamic bank must yield a return at least close to that of their competitors in order to attract deposits.Third, these banks are burdened with a curious problem of adverse selection. So, the future of Islamic banking does not seem to be glowing. As we see, the prohibition on interest serves no beneficial purpose. Elaborate scheme to circumvent such transactions because of their supposed immorality or due to their prohibition serve no purpose but except to increase costs and increase inefficiency. Conclusion This paper has reviewed important areas of economic activity and the role of Islam in it. And religion affirmatively has great influence on economy of Islamic world.Basing on all finding I conclude that Islam was inconductive to economic development, or at least less supportive than was Christian dominant countries. Few Muslims appreciated the discoveries and innovation, which has been fatal cause for physical resource or capital. The nature o f Islamic education was not helpful in developing open minded citizens fully equipped to fulfill their ambitions and potential. Islamic attitude toward women negatively affects production and income. Very few Muslims were seeking to capitalize, which caused uncomfortable conditions for merchants.The constraints and costs imposed on financial institutions by the nominal prohibition on interest payments preclude a free market in financial capital, causing inefficiencies, moral hazard in banking system, and limiting the funds for investment. These were drawbacks of religion that possibly caused stagnation in Islamic countries. And of course there are ways of getting out of this situation. Recent history provides examples of Muslim countries seeking to engage I the global economy and some of them succeeding.Indonesia, for instance, in 2008 its inflation adjusted GDP per capita was five and half times what it was in 1990, in Malasia during the same period, it rose almost six fold. Just a generation ago, both of these nations were overwhelmingly rural and poverty stricken. Today, they are industrialized middle-income countries. May be some Islamic countries should follow the lead of Turkey, the country which was transformed into an economically vibrant democracy. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of Turkish Republic, in 1929 abolished the caliphate and imposed strict church-state divide.After 1980, Turgut Ozal removed barriers to foreign trade and investment. Party’s Islamic heritage hasn’t prevented it from embracing a policy of economic modernization. Today, Turkey is the world's fifteenth-largest economy and a member of G-20. Example of Turkey suggests that it is possible to industrialize, modernize and still be faithful to religion, but Islam should not intervene in economic and political activities for its own sake, this will prevent Islam from being changed under the political influence and will maintain its cleanness.So, Islamic countries are not i n perfect condition, however they have all opportunities to prosper. This research paper analyzed just some of the factors, further researches and surveys needs to be conducted to identify other possible problems of static economy of Muslim world and to provide empirical and statistical information on Timur Kuran’s arguments. References